Improved measurement of the hydrogen 1S–2S transition frequency. CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2014. Theory of Light Hydrogenic Bound States (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Vol. Fine structure of the hydrogen atom by a microwave method. Electrodynamic displacement of atomic energy levels. Defining the proton radius: a unified treatment. Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic e −–proton scattering: full dispersive treatment of π N states and comparison with data. Forward sum rule for the 2 γ-exchange correction to the charge-radius extraction from elastic electron scattering. Hard two-photon contribution to elastic lepton-proton scattering determined by the OLYMPUS experiment. Measurement of the two-photon exchange contribution to the elastic e ± p scattering cross sections at the VEPP-3 storage ring. Towards a resolution of the proton form factor problem: new electron and positron scattering data. Two-photon exchange and elastic electron–proton scattering. How to reconcile the Rosenbluth and the polarization transfer methods in the measurement of the proton form factors. Scattering of polarized leptons at high energy. Polarization transfer in elastic electron scattering from nucleons and deuterons. Polarization effects in the scattering of leptons by hadrons. Polarization phenomena in electron scattering by protons in the high energy region. High energy elastic scattering of electrons on protons. The structure of the nucleon: elastic electromagnetic form factors. Punjabi, V., Perdrisat, C., Jones, M., Brash, E. A small proton charge radius from an electron–proton scattering experiment. A measurement of the atomic hydrogen Lamb shift and the proton charge radius. New measurement of the 1S–3S transition frequency of hydrogen: contribution to the proton charge radius puzzle. The Rydberg constant and proton size from atomic hydrogen. Review of experimental and theoretical status of the proton radius puzzle. Muonic hydrogen and the proton radius puzzle. Proton structure from the measurement of 2S–2P transition frequencies of muonic hydrogen. High-precision determination of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton. CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006. Observation of exclusive deeply virtual Compton scattering in polarized electron beam asymmetry measurements. Measurement of the beam-spin azimuthal asymmetry associated with deeply-virtual Compton scattering. Gauge-invariant decomposition of nucleon spin. Wave functions, evolution equations and evolution kernels from light-ray operators of QCD. Müller, D., Robaschik, D., Geyer, B., Dittes, F.-M. Observed behavior of highly inelastic electron-proton scattering. An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking Version 2, 22–101 (Hadronic Press, 1980).īreidenbach, M. Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. Collision of α particles with light atoms. The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom. Finally, we discuss the forthcoming new generation of refined experiments and theoretical calculations that aim to definitely end the debate on the proton size. We assess the precision and reliability of available experimental data, with particular focus on the most recent results. We provide a brief history of the proton before describing the techniques used to measure its radius and the current status of the field. Is the ‘proton-radius puzzle’ now resolved? In this Review, we scrutinize the experimental studies of the proton radius to gain insight on this issue. Recently, two measurements from electron scattering and ordinary hydrogen spectroscopy were found to agree with the results from muonic atom spectroscopy. Since then, atomic and nuclear physicists have been trying to understand this discrepancy by checking theories, questioning experimental methods and performing new experiments. In 2010, a highly precise measurement of the proton charge radius using, for the first time, muonic hydrogen spectroscopy unexpectedly led to controversy, as the value disagreed with the previously accepted one. The proton charge radius has been measured since the 1950s using elastic electron–proton scattering and ordinary hydrogen atomic spectroscopy.
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